Guidelines for Research/Term Papers
Style Guidelines
· The following settings can be made in Microsoft Word to assist you:
· Under Tools > Options > Spelling & Grammar, you can set Word to check for both spelling and grammar mistakes. Under Settings, you can also specify the particular grammatical errors for Word to check. Word will then underline each spelling error and grammar error with a red and green line, respectively. The program is not perfect, and depending on your style, you may choose to ignore a particular “notification” made by Word.
· In Word, references can be cited/added by going to Insert > Reference > Footnote… To switch footnotes to endnotes, select Endnotes in the dialogue box that appears.
Although these instructions and guidelines make reference to Microsoft Word, you are not required to use Word. Other word processing programs, e.g., WordPerfect, contain similar functions.
Documentation for Term Papers: Chicago Humanities Style
· These set of guidelines reflect the Chicago Humanities Style as articulated in the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
· This particular set of guidelines describes how to document citations with the maximum amount of information. The basic criterion for providing the information is to provide a sufficient amount of information so that the reader can locate the work(s) whether they are published or unpublished. In this light, this document offers examples of notes (either footnotes or endnotes) and bibliographic entries.
· The conventions for documentation may differ depending on the following:
o Scholarly discipline or field
o The preferences of the particular publishers and authors
o The needs of a particular work, which may include sensitivity to audience and context of the work itself
Within the categories of “notes” and “bibliographies,” these guidelines include examples of book, journal, Internet, and book chapter entries. There are other variations and other media that one may have to cite. We suggest you explore your question(s) with one or more of the suggested resources below.
Notes (as they should appear in the footnote or endnote section):
Journal Article:
1 Jean Porter, “Christian Ethics and the Concept of Morality: A Historical Inquiry,” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, Fall/Winter 2006, 26 (2): 3-21.
[Note: Because we list both volume and issue, there are spaces between the volume (26) and issue (2) as well as after the colon. If we did not list the issue, there would be no space between volume number, colon, and page number(s).]
Book with Editor:
2 Lisa Sowle Cahill, Ed., Genetics, Theology, and Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Conversation (New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2005).
Book Chapter, Multiple Authors for Book, Chapter Author Specified:
3 James F. Keenan, S.J., “What Does Virtue Ethics Bring to Genetics?” in Genetics, Theology, and Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Conversation, ed. Lisa Sowle Cahill (New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2005), 97-113.
Book, Multiple Authors, first, second, and third entries, with reference made to reference #1 in between:
4 Allen Buchanan, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, and Daniel Wikler, From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 2.
[Alternatively, one could use the “et al.” here after Buchanan’s name, but all of the authors’ names would have to appear in the bibliography.]
5 Porter, 5.
6 Buchanan, et al., 44-46.
7 Ibid., 47.
Internet Reference:
8 Larry A. Roberts, “The Basics of Patent Licensing Explained,” GEN: Genetic Engineering News, Article, January 1, 2007, 27 (1), http://www.genengnews.com/
articles/chitem.aspx?aid=1960, accessed January 19, 2007.
[Two notes: (1) Many Web sites or pages will not necessarily list either (a) published dates or volume/issue numbers. This example is unique because this is the Internet version of GEN’s print edition article. (2) Notice that the URL had a line break after a back-slash. This is one of the conventions, and is helpful to know, because many URL’s are long and complicated. However, be careful with paragraph formatting and indentation. Also, with your word processing program, remove any hyperlink that may automatically appear as this will obstruct line-breaking as well as present the URL as blue with an underline, which are not necessary.]
9 National Society of Genetic Counselors, “NSGC: Code of Ethics,” About NSGC, http://www.nsgc.org/about/codeEthics.cfm, accessed January 19, 2007.
[The basic format for Internet sites includes author(s), title (in quotes), page title, URL, and access date. Other information is not necessary as Web sites/pages are not yet consistent with (a) what information they contain and (b) where on the page it is located. Also, since the two documents above are HTML documents, no page numbers are required. However, if the file is a PDF file, and contains page numbers, one should also cite the page numbers.]
Book with Single Author:
10 Ernst Mayr, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 34.
[Note: In the above notes, we listed the state for each publication city. This is not required. Moreover, the page numbers listed either reflect the whole article (e.g., Porter) or specific pages. The page numbers you include should reflect the content of your paper and why you are making the reference.]
· Ibid. Authors use the “ibid.” to signify that the author is citing the sequentially previous reference again. The page numbers may or may not be the same. If one is referring to different page numbers,
s/he should include those pages after a comma. If s/he is referring to the same pages, no page numbers are required.
· Idem. Authors use the “idem” to signify that they are referencing the same author(s) but a different work. One uses “idem” instead of the author’s name. This is only true if the exact same author or
authors produced the sequentially previous work.
· Cf. An abbreviation for cross-referencing. Authors use this to suggest to readers alternative works or resources relevant to the particular discussion.
The number of the note should be sequential (even if referring to the same page of the same reference). The note should appear superscript, in a slightly smaller font size, where you insert it (see the Insert > Reference function in Word). The placement of the note should be after punctuation or after punctuation and quotation marks, if appropriate.
Bibliography:
Two Books, Same Author:
Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution Is. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2001.
———. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Internet Resources:
National Society of Genetic Counselors. “NSGC: Code of Ethics.” About NSGC, http://www.nsgc.org/about/codeEthics.cfm. Accessed January 19, 2007
Roberts, Larry A. “The Basics of Patent Licensing Explained.” GEN: Genetic Engineering News, Article. January 1, 2007. 27 (1). http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=1960. Accessed January 19, 2007.
Book with Multiple Authors:
Buchanan, Allen, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, and Daniel Wikler. From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Journal Article:
Porter, Jean. “Christian Ethics and the Concept of Morality: A Historical Inquiry.” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics. Fall/Winter 2006. 26 (2): 3-21.
Book with Editor:
Lisa Sowle Cahill, Ed. Genetics, Theology, and Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Conversation. New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2005.
Book Chapter, Multiple Authors for Book, Chapter Author Specified:
Keenan, S.J., James F. “What Does Virtue Ethics Bring to Genetics?” In Genetics, Theology, and Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Conversation. Ed. Lisa Sowle Cahill. New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2005. 97-113.
[Note: Some of the major differences between note citations and bibliographic citations are: last name-first name ordering, punctuation and capitalization (periods, capitals in bibliographies), the exclusion of specific pages (mainly for books), and the exclusion of parentheses.]
· Bibliographies tend to include more works than those specifically cited (i.e., in footnotes or endnotes). This does not mean you will have more bibliographic entries than notes because you may have cited each reference multiple times (e.g., with an ibid.). However, in the process of research, your bibliography should include works that you consult, not merely works you see on the shelf, as well as the works you cite specifically.
· 3 Em dashes. For entries by the same author (note: not entries by the same author and another author—those constitute a separate entry ‘authorship’), use 3 em dashes instead of the author’s name repeatedly. One can insert the 3 em dashes into the text through Word’s Insert > Symbol… function. Look on the tab, “Special Characters,” for the Em dash.
· Order. Generally, bibliographic entries should be alphabetical by the authors’ last names. However, if there are multiple entries from one author, and a 3-em dash is used, those entries should be listed in reverse chronological order beginning with the most recent.
Suggested Resources
· The Learning Resource Center at Loyola Marymount University (www.lmu.eduhttp://www.lmu.edu/academics/Academic_Support_Services/The_Learning_Resource_Center.htm) for assistance in a variety of areas, including but not limited to writing research papers
· Tony Amodeo, Reference Librarian and Library Instruction Coordinator, Reference/Circulation Services Department, Von der Ahe Library, Loyola Marymount University: 310-338-7681 or aamodeo@lmu.edu
Resources in Bioethics: see The Bioethics Institute’s Resources Web page at www.lmu.edu/page25771.aspx
Specific Formatting
· Times New Roman font, 12 point size
· Double-spaced, first-line indented, justified paragraphs
· For quotations of four or more lines, set off in a separate paragraph with the following format:
o One line space between text and new quote-paragraph; one line space between new quote-paragraph and the continuation of the text; the continuation of the text should not be indented unless it is the beginning of a new paragraph
o The whole paragraph should be indented .5 in., but the first line of the quote-paragraph should not be indented any further (it should be a ‘block’)
o Single-spaced
o Same font and size
o No double-quotes to begin/end quote; double quotes used should reflect a quote within the quote
o The note number should appear at the end of the quotation
o Margins:
o Top: 1 in.
o Bottom: 1 in.
o Right: 1.25 in.
o Left: 1.25 in.
o Headers / footers:
o Specify “different first page” under the File > Page Setup properties (e.g., in Word)
o First page header, at the right margin, include the following on separate lines:
▪ Student’s full name
▪ Course number / title
▪ Due date of paper
▪ First page header, at the center, include the title of the paper
▪ The following page headers should include: at the left, the title of the paper (or shortened title); at the center, the page number; and at the right, the last name of the student
▪ The following page footers should be open for footnotes
▪ Bibliographic entries: hanging indentation; each entry should be single-spaced; there should be an extra space (double-space) between entries (e.g., see above)
Front matter (e.g., title page[s]) and the bibliography should not count towards the total number of pages. Authors should not number title pages, but they should number notes and bibliographies. Endnotes (as well as footnotes—for obvious reasons) do count towards the total number of pages; bibliographies do not.
For example, if you are required to write a 20-page research paper requiring footnotes and a bibliography, numbering should begin on the first page of text (e.g., after the title page) and continue through to the end of the bibliography. The first page of the bibliography should be on page 21 or higher.
Texts
The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th Edition. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2003.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001.
Strunk, Jr., William, and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. 3rd Edition. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979.